During the mid 1880's a series of patent's for non magnetic alloys for balance springs and balances were granted to Charles-Auguste Paillard who had experimented with gold and palladium alloys. Pocket watches marked "Paillard’s patent" were made by the “Non-Magnetic Watch Co. of America” from 1887 and a history of the firm can be found in NAWCC Bulletin June 1990.
Some other watch companies invented or used similar alloys for balances and balance springs with Waltham being the most prominent using patents by Daniel O’Hara, Daniel W. Eldredge and John Logan and advertised their non-magnetic watches extensively.
Reproduced in "American Pocket Watches - Identification and Price
Guide" by Ehrhardt & Meggers.
At this time IWC watches also produced watches with non-magnetic balances and or balance springs and these were stamped with the non-magnetic patent number and some were also stamped "Non-magnetic" or "Antimagnétique". Five different stampings are known:
1. PAT. MAY 15. 88.
2. NONMAGNETIC PAT. 11939
3. NONMAGNETIC WATCH, PAT MAI 15, AUG 21, 1888
4. PAT. 21 AUG. 88, 388152
5. Antimagnétique
The first four markings have only been found on the Savonette Calibre 58 (later c.56) and Lépine Calibre 57 'americaine", while the "Antimagnétique" marking has only been seen on Calibre 52/53 movements.
Tölke and King, page 228 in reference to the markings,
"NONMAGNETIC
WATCH, PAT MAI 15, AUG 21, 1888" indicate the markings refer to the
patents
of the Non-Magnetic Watch Co. ie. Paillard's patents. There is a sound
basis for this suggestion for we know from Tölke and King, page
65,
"The founders of the Nonmagnetic Watch Co. of New York and Geneva
planned
to exploit this situation on a large scale by acquiring a Swiss factory
for the express purpose of setting up non-magnetic watch production;
amoung
others they considered the 'Internationale Uhrenfabrik J. Rauschenbach'
(J. Rauschenbach's International Watch Factory). Johannes Vogel had in
fact developed 16 ligne and 19 ligne calibres as samples for this
company
in 1888". We know the merger with the Nonmagnetic Watch Co. didn't take
place because of the "insistence of a cash payment instead of the
500,000
Francs' worth of shares offered by the latter company" (see Tölke
and King, page 42). The question is whether the markings above refer to
Paillard's patents?
There is further Paillard US patent (# 384709) dated June 19, 1888 for a lesser grade of alloy to be used “in the construction of cheap compensation balances to be used in the more ordinary grades of watch-movements.” Also dated the same day is a patent (# 384731) for platinum balances, rather than palladium, by Charles Willis Ward who was a witness to Paillard’s patent and the General Manager and Secretary of the Non Magnetic Watch Co.
In summary, Paillard’s patents are dated March 8, 1887, July 26,
1887
and June 19, 1888 in the United States and equivalent patents dated
July
3 1886 and May 11, 1886 for Great Britain, France and Germany. The
Swiss
patent system did not begin until 1888. None of these dates or patent
numbers
correspond with the markings on the IWC watch movements.
There are two United States patents for alloys (mainly platinum),
“especially
intended for the different parts of watch-escapements” dated May
15, 1888.The patent holders of # 382826 and #
382827
are Heinrich Ostermann, chemist and Axel Prip, jeweler of Geneva,
Switzerland.
These two patents would appear to be based on Germany patent number 44473
dated 18 December 1887 which is more specific in the composition of the
alloy.
NONMAGNETIC PAT. 11939 - Sav.c.58 19lig H7 americaine (c.56)
British patent 11939 of 1888 is for 'A new non-magnetic metallic alloy' in the name of Heinrich Ostermann and Alex Prip. The patent is dated 18 August 1888 (page 1 and page 2). The alloy was principally composed of platinum.
After an exhaustive search for Patent 11939 at both the European
Patent
Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office it was finally
found
by the British Library (a big thanks to Julie Simpkin).
NONMAGNETIC WATCH, PAT MAI 15, AUG 21, 1888 (Tölke and King, illustration 249, page 228, also in Meis page 79) - Sav. C.58 19lig H7 americaine (c.56)
On August 21, 1888, Heinrich Ostermann, chemist and Charles Lacroix
(director of the 'Usine Genèvoise de Dégrossissage D’or',
a Paillard competitor, see Tölke and King page 65) registered
three
patents with the United States Patent Office, # 388145,
# 388146, # 388147.
These
patents are for a metallic alloy (mainly gold and palladium) for watch
escapements of which the last specifically refers to a non-magnetic
metallic
alloy. I would think that Heinrich Ostermann role in the above patents
and the involvement of Usine Genèvoise de Dégrossissage
D’or,
would have seen the patents assigned to that company.
PAT. 21 AUG. 88, 388152 (Meis illustration 92, page 78, this image appears to be from Fournitures # 1, page 20) - Sav. c.58 19lig H7 americaine (c.56)
Also on August 21, 1888, at the United States Patent Office there
was
a further patent registered for non-magnetic alloy. Alfred Huguenin
Robert,
of Ponts Martel, Switzerland registered patent # 388152
and assigned it to C. Huguenin-Thiébaud & Fils, also of
Ponts
Martel. The composition of this alloy was mainly copper with no
platinum
or palladium. My understanding was that C. Huguenin-Thiébaud
made
tools for the watch industry including machines to make balances.
Antimagnétic (Tölke and King, illustration 250, page 228) - Lep. c.52 19lig H7
This watch is simply marked "Antimagnetic" with no patent numbers.
Given
that IWC mainly used the patents of Ostermann and Prip/Usine
Genèvoise
de Dégrossissage D’or, I would think that the balance/balance
spring
conforms to one of their patents.
Greg Steer, May 2006
If you are interested in how temperature and magnatism affects the balance and the balance spring and what the future may hold, here is an excellent article in PDF format: A New Material for Balance Springs
"American Watchmaking, A Technical History of the American Watch Industry 1850 – 1930”, Michael Harrold,
European Patent Office: http://ep.espacenet.com
"IWC-Uhren", Reinhard Meis, Carinthia, 1985
"IWC International Watch Co. Schaffhausen", Hans Tölke and Jürgen King, Verlag Ineichen, Zurich, 1987.
"Patents for Inventions, Abridgement of Specifications, Class 139, Watches, Clocks and Other Timekeepers. Period A.D. 1855-1930", Odmark, Albert, Odmark, Seattle, 1979
The British Library: http://www.bl.uk/
"The Non-Magnetic Watch Company - Chronology", Eugene T. Fuller, NAWCC Bulletin June 1990
United States Patent and Trademark Office: www.uspto.gov
